README

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#
FieldType

A struct field or array element type: a storage type plus mutability.

#
GlobalType

A global's type: a value type plus mutability.

#
HeapType

What a reference can point at.

#
Limits

The size bounds of a memory or table.

Upstream split this into a bare {min, max} plus is_memory64, page_size_log2 and is_table64 fields hung off the memory and table types. The shared spine already carries all of them, and carries shared besides, which upstream cannot express at all -- so a shared memory was silently unrepresentable there.

#
RefType

A reference type: nullability plus what it points at.

#
StorageType

What a struct field or array element stores.

#
ValType

A value type, at the binary form's index instantiation.

#
EncodeError

pub suberror EncodeError {
UnresolvedBlockType
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

A module that cannot be encoded as it stands.

Upstream had no such error. It emitted 0x00 -- unreachable -- for any instruction its match did not cover, and an empty block type for any block whose signature had not been resolved to a type index. Both produce a wasm file that loads, validates and runs, and silently does the wrong thing; against a differential harness that is the worst possible failure mode, because the diff says "these bytes differ" rather than "this is unhandled".

Only one case is left. The opcode table is now total over Instruction -- the compiler says so, which is why there is no "unsupported instruction" variant here.
impl Show for EncodeError

#
BlockType

What a block, loop or if consumes and produces.

#
CatchHandler

pub(all) enum CatchHandler {
Catch(Int, Int)
CatchRef(Int, Int)
CatchAll(Int)
CatchAllRef(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

One arm of a try_table.

#
CompositeType

pub(all) enum CompositeType {
Func(FuncType)
Struct(StructType)
Array(ArrayType)
Cont(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

What a defined type actually defines.

#
CondGroup

One #[if(..)] group: the condition as the TEXT format writes it, and where each branch stood in the source.

#
Data

pub(all) struct Data {
mode : DataMode
init : Bytes
offset_spans : Array[Span]
spelling : Array[DataPiece]
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
DataMode

pub(all) enum DataMode {
Active(Int, Array[Instruction])
Passive
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

How a data segment reaches its memory.

Upstream had no such type: it hung a bare memory_idx off the segment and signalled "passive" with a NEGATIVE index. That makes an unrepresentable state representable -- an active segment with an empty offset expression -- and it decided the encoding from offset.is_empty(), so such a segment was silently written as active-at-an-explicit-memory instead.

#
DataPiece

pub(all) enum DataPiece {
PieceStr(Bytes)
PieceRun(String, Array[String])
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

One piece of a data segment, as the source wrote it.

#
ElemMode

pub(all) enum ElemMode {
Active(Int, Array[Instruction])
Passive
Declarative
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

How an element segment reaches its table.

#
Element

pub(all) struct Element {
mode : ElemMode
type_ :
RefType
[Int]
init : Array[Array[Instruction]]
init_spans : Array[Array[Span]]
offset_spans : Array[Span]
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
Export

pub(all) struct Export {
name : Bytes
desc : ExportDesc
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
ExportDesc

pub(all) enum ExportDesc {
Func(Int)
Table(Int)
Memory(Int)
Global(Int)
Tag(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

What an export names, as an index into the matching space.

#
FieldRef

pub(all) enum FieldRef {
FTypes(Array[Int])
FFeature(Bytes)
FImport(Int)
FFunc(Int)
FStart(Int)
FExport(Int)
FTable(Int)
FMemory(Int)
FGlobal(Int)
FTag(Int)
FElem(Int)
FData(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

One field of a module, named by where its item landed.

#
FuncType

A function type.

#
FunctionCode

pub(all) struct FunctionCode {
locals : Array[
ValType
[Int]]
body : Array[Instruction]
spans : Array[Span]
nested_spans : Array[Array[Span]]
conditionals : Array[CondGroup]
priority : Priority?
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
Import

pub(all) struct Import {
mod_name : Bytes
name : Bytes
desc : ImportDesc
group : ImportGroup?
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
ImportDesc

pub(all) enum ImportDesc {
Func(Int, Bool)
Table(TableType)
Memory(MemoryType)
Global(
MutType
[
ValType
[Int]])
Tag(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

What an import brings in.

#
ImportGroup

pub(all) enum ImportGroup {
Heterogeneous(Array[(Bytes, ImportDesc)])
Homogeneous(Array[Bytes])
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

The two compact forms: per-item descriptors, or one shared descriptor and a list of names.

#
InstrHints

pub(all) struct InstrHints {
branch : Bool?
freq : Int?
targets : Array[(Int, Int)]?
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

The compilation hints attached to a single instruction.

These do not change what the instruction does; they are advice, carried out of line in the metadata.code.* sections, keyed by the instruction's byte offset within its function body. Which is why they hang off the instruction here: the offset is only knowable while encoding, and only the encoder knows it.

#
InstrHints::is_empty

fn InstrHints::is_empty(self : InstrHints) -> Bool

#
InstrHints::none

fn InstrHints::none() -> InstrHints

No hints.

#
Instruction

pub(all) enum Instruction {
Unreachable
Nop
Block(BlockType, Array[Instruction])
Loop(BlockType, Array[Instruction])
If(BlockType, Array[Instruction], Array[Instruction])
Br(Int)
BrIf(Int)
BrTable(Array[Int], Int)
Return
Call(Int)
CallIndirect(Int, Int)
CallRef(Int)
ReturnCall(Int)
ReturnCallIndirect(Int, Int)
ReturnCallRef(Int)
Throw(Int)
ThrowRef
TryTable(BlockType, Array[CatchHandler], Array[Instruction])
LegacyTry(BlockType, Array[Instruction], Array[(Int, Array[Instruction])], Array[Instruction]?)
Drop
Select
SelectTyped(Array[
ValType
[Int]])
LocalGet(Int)
LocalSet(Int)
LocalTee(Int)
GlobalGet(Int)
GlobalSet(Int)
TableGet(Int)
TableSet(Int)
TableSize(Int)
TableGrow(Int)
TableFill(Int)
TableCopy(Int, Int)
TableInit(Int, Int)
I32Load(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load(Int, Int, Int64)
F32Load(Int, Int, Int64)
F64Load(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Load8S(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Load8U(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Load16S(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Load16U(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load8S(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load8U(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load16S(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load16U(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load32S(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Load32U(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Store(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Store(Int, Int, Int64)
F32Store(Int, Int, Int64)
F64Store(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Store8(Int, Int, Int64)
I32Store16(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Store8(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Store16(Int, Int, Int64)
I64Store32(Int, Int, Int64)
MemorySize(Int)
MemoryGrow(Int)
MemoryInit(Int, Int)
DataDrop(Int)
MemoryCopy(Int, Int)
MemoryFill(Int)
ElemDrop(Int)
Atomic(Int, Int, Int, Int64)
AtomicFence
ContNew(Int)
ContBind(Int, Int)
Suspend(Int)
Resume(Int, Array[OnClause])
ResumeThrow(Int, Int, Array[OnClause])
ResumeThrowRef(Int, Array[OnClause])
Switch(Int, Int)
Hinted(InstrHints, Instruction)
Spelled(String, Instruction)
FromString(Bytes, Instruction)
FromChar(Bytes, Instruction)
RefNull(
HeapType
[Int])
RefIsNull
RefFunc(Int)
RefAsNonNull
RefEqInstr
BrOnNull(Int)
BrOnNonNull(Int)
I32Const(Int)
I64Const(Int64)
F32Const(Float)
F64Const(Double)
I32Eqz
I32Eq
I32Ne
I32LtS
I32LtU
I32GtS
I32GtU
I32LeS
I32LeU
I32GeS
I32GeU
I32Clz
I32Ctz
I32Popcnt
I32Add
I32Sub
I32Mul
I32DivS
I32DivU
I32RemS
I32RemU
I32And
I32Or
I32Xor
I32Shl
I32ShrS
I32ShrU
I32Rotl
I32Rotr
I32Extend8S
I32Extend16S
I64Eqz
I64Eq
I64Ne
I64LtS
I64LtU
I64GtS
I64GtU
I64LeS
I64LeU
I64GeS
I64GeU
I64Clz
I64Ctz
I64Popcnt
I64Add
I64Sub
I64Mul
I64MulWideS
I64MulWideU
I64Add128
I64Sub128
I64DivS
I64DivU
I64RemS
I64RemU
I64And
I64Or
I64Xor
I64Shl
I64ShrS
I64ShrU
I64Rotl
I64Rotr
I64Extend8S
I64Extend16S
I64Extend32S
F32Eq
F32Ne
F32Lt
F32Gt
F32Le
F32Ge
F32Abs
F32Neg
F32Ceil
F32Floor
F32Trunc
F32Nearest
F32Sqrt
F32Add
F32Sub
F32Mul
F32Div
F32Min
F32Max
F32Copysign
F64Eq
F64Ne
F64Lt
F64Gt
F64Le
F64Ge
F64Abs
F64Neg
F64Ceil
F64Floor
F64Trunc
F64Nearest
F64Sqrt
F64Add
F64Sub
F64Mul
F64Div
F64Min
F64Max
F64Copysign
I32WrapI64
I32TruncF32S
I32TruncF32U
I32TruncF64S
I32TruncF64U
I64ExtendI32S
I64ExtendI32U
I64TruncF32S
I64TruncF32U
I64TruncF64S
I64TruncF64U
F32ConvertI32S
F32ConvertI32U
F32ConvertI64S
F32ConvertI64U
F32DemoteF64
F64ConvertI32S
F64ConvertI32U
F64ConvertI64S
F64ConvertI64U
F64PromoteF32
I32ReinterpretF32
I64ReinterpretF64
F32ReinterpretI32
F64ReinterpretI64
I32TruncSatF32S
I32TruncSatF32U
I32TruncSatF64S
I32TruncSatF64U
I64TruncSatF32S
I64TruncSatF32U
I64TruncSatF64S
I64TruncSatF64U
StructNewDesc(Int)
StructNewDefaultDesc(Int)
RefGetDesc(Int)
RefCastDescEq(
RefType
[Int])
BrOnCastDescEq(Int,
RefType
[Int],
RefType
[Int])
BrOnCastDescEqFail(Int,
RefType
[Int],
RefType
[Int])
StructNew(Int)
StructNewDefault(Int)
StructGet(Int, Int)
StructGetS(Int, Int)
StructGetU(Int, Int)
StructSet(Int, Int)
ArrayNew(Int)
ArrayNewDefault(Int)
ArrayNewFixed(Int, Int)
ArrayNewData(Int, Int)
ArrayNewElem(Int, Int)
ArrayGet(Int)
ArrayGetS(Int)
ArrayGetU(Int)
ArraySet(Int)
ArrayLen
ArrayFill(Int)
ArrayCopy(Int, Int)
ArrayInitData(Int, Int)
ArrayInitElem(Int, Int)
RefTest(
RefType
[Int])
RefCast(
RefType
[Int])
BrOnCast(Int,
RefType
[Int],
RefType
[Int])
BrOnCastFail(Int,
RefType
[Int],
RefType
[Int])
RefI31
I31GetS
I31GetU
AnyConvertExtern
ExternConvertAny
V128Const(Bytes)
V128Load(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load8x8S(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load8x8U(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load16x4S(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load16x4U(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load32x2S(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load32x2U(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load8Splat(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load16Splat(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load32Splat(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load64Splat(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load32Zero(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load64Zero(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Store(Int, Int, Int64)
V128Load8Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Load16Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Load32Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Load64Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Store8Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Store16Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Store32Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
V128Store64Lane(Int, Int, Int64, Int)
I8x16Shuffle(FixedArray[Int])
I8x16Swizzle
I8x16Splat
I16x8Splat
I32x4Splat
I64x2Splat
F32x4Splat
F64x2Splat
I8x16ExtractLaneS(Int)
I8x16ExtractLaneU(Int)
I16x8ExtractLaneS(Int)
I16x8ExtractLaneU(Int)
I32x4ExtractLane(Int)
I64x2ExtractLane(Int)
F32x4ExtractLane(Int)
F64x2ExtractLane(Int)
I8x16ReplaceLane(Int)
I16x8ReplaceLane(Int)
I32x4ReplaceLane(Int)
I64x2ReplaceLane(Int)
F32x4ReplaceLane(Int)
F64x2ReplaceLane(Int)
I8x16Eq
I8x16Ne
I8x16LtS
I8x16LtU
I8x16GtS
I8x16GtU
I8x16LeS
I8x16LeU
I8x16GeS
I8x16GeU
I16x8Eq
I16x8Ne
I16x8LtS
I16x8LtU
I16x8GtS
I16x8GtU
I16x8LeS
I16x8LeU
I16x8GeS
I16x8GeU
I32x4Eq
I32x4Ne
I32x4LtS
I32x4LtU
I32x4GtS
I32x4GtU
I32x4LeS
I32x4LeU
I32x4GeS
I32x4GeU
I64x2Eq
I64x2Ne
I64x2LtS
I64x2GtS
I64x2LeS
I64x2GeS
F32x4Eq
F32x4Ne
F32x4Lt
F32x4Gt
F32x4Le
F32x4Ge
F64x2Eq
F64x2Ne
F64x2Lt
F64x2Gt
F64x2Le
F64x2Ge
V128Not
V128And
V128AndNot
V128Or
V128Xor
V128Bitselect
V128AnyTrue
I8x16Abs
I8x16Neg
I8x16Popcnt
I8x16AllTrue
I8x16Bitmask
I8x16NarrowI16x8S
I8x16NarrowI16x8U
I8x16Shl
I8x16ShrS
I8x16ShrU
I8x16Add
I8x16AddSatS
I8x16AddSatU
I8x16Sub
I8x16SubSatS
I8x16SubSatU
I8x16MinS
I8x16MinU
I8x16MaxS
I8x16MaxU
I8x16AvgrU
I16x8ExtAddPairwiseI8x16S
I16x8ExtAddPairwiseI8x16U
I16x8Abs
I16x8Neg
I16x8Q15MulrSatS
I16x8AllTrue
I16x8Bitmask
I16x8NarrowI32x4S
I16x8NarrowI32x4U
I16x8ExtendLowI8x16S
I16x8ExtendHighI8x16S
I16x8ExtendLowI8x16U
I16x8ExtendHighI8x16U
I16x8Shl
I16x8ShrS
I16x8ShrU
I16x8Add
I16x8AddSatS
I16x8AddSatU
I16x8Sub
I16x8SubSatS
I16x8SubSatU
I16x8Mul
I16x8MinS
I16x8MinU
I16x8MaxS
I16x8MaxU
I16x8AvgrU
I16x8ExtMulLowI8x16S
I16x8ExtMulHighI8x16S
I16x8ExtMulLowI8x16U
I16x8ExtMulHighI8x16U
I32x4ExtAddPairwiseI16x8S
I32x4ExtAddPairwiseI16x8U
I32x4Abs
I32x4Neg
I32x4AllTrue
I32x4Bitmask
I32x4ExtendLowI16x8S
I32x4ExtendHighI16x8S
I32x4ExtendLowI16x8U
I32x4ExtendHighI16x8U
I32x4Shl
I32x4ShrS
I32x4ShrU
I32x4Add
I32x4Sub
I32x4Mul
I32x4MinS
I32x4MinU
I32x4MaxS
I32x4MaxU
I32x4DotI16x8S
I32x4ExtMulLowI16x8S
I32x4ExtMulHighI16x8S
I32x4ExtMulLowI16x8U
I32x4ExtMulHighI16x8U
I64x2Abs
I64x2Neg
I64x2AllTrue
I64x2Bitmask
I64x2ExtendLowI32x4S
I64x2ExtendHighI32x4S
I64x2ExtendLowI32x4U
I64x2ExtendHighI32x4U
I64x2Shl
I64x2ShrS
I64x2ShrU
I64x2Add
I64x2Sub
I64x2Mul
I64x2ExtMulLowI32x4S
I64x2ExtMulHighI32x4S
I64x2ExtMulLowI32x4U
I64x2ExtMulHighI32x4U
F32x4Ceil
F32x4Floor
F32x4Trunc
F32x4Nearest
F32x4Abs
F32x4Neg
F32x4Sqrt
F32x4Add
F32x4Sub
F32x4Mul
F32x4Div
F32x4Min
F32x4Max
F32x4Pmin
F32x4Pmax
F64x2Ceil
F64x2Floor
F64x2Trunc
F64x2Nearest
F64x2Abs
F64x2Neg
F64x2Sqrt
F64x2Add
F64x2Sub
F64x2Mul
F64x2Div
F64x2Min
F64x2Max
F64x2Pmin
F64x2Pmax
I32x4TruncSatF32x4S
I32x4TruncSatF32x4U
F32x4ConvertI32x4S
F32x4ConvertI32x4U
I32x4TruncSatF64x2SZero
I32x4TruncSatF64x2UZero
F64x2ConvertLowI32x4S
F64x2ConvertLowI32x4U
F32x4DemoteF64x2Zero
F64x2PromoteLowF32x4
I8x16RelaxedSwizzle
I32x4RelaxedTruncF32x4S
I32x4RelaxedTruncF32x4U
I32x4RelaxedTruncF64x2SZero
I32x4RelaxedTruncF64x2UZero
F32x4RelaxedMadd
F32x4RelaxedNmadd
F64x2RelaxedMadd
F64x2RelaxedNmadd
I8x16RelaxedLaneselect
I16x8RelaxedLaneselect
I32x4RelaxedLaneselect
I64x2RelaxedLaneselect
F32x4RelaxedMin
F32x4RelaxedMax
F64x2RelaxedMin
F64x2RelaxedMax
I16x8RelaxedQ15mulrS
I16x8RelaxedDotI8x16I7x16S
I32x4RelaxedDotI8x16I7x16AddS
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#
MemoryType

A memory's type.

#
Module

pub(all) struct Module {
types : Array[SubType]
rec_groups : Array[RecGroup]
imports : Array[Import]
funcs : Array[Int]
tables : Array[Table]
memories : Array[MemoryType]
globals : Array[Global]
exports : Array[Export]
start : Int?
elems : Array[Element]
codes : Array[FunctionCode]
datas : Array[Data]
tags : Array[TagType]
text : TextView
names : Names
target_features : Array[(Int, Bytes)]
} derive(
Debug
)

A whole module, in the form the encoder writes out.

#
Module::empty

fn Module::empty() -> Module

A module with nothing in it.

#
Names

pub(all) struct Names {
module_ : Bytes?
functions : Map[Int, Bytes]
locals : Map[Int, Map[Int, Bytes]]
labels : Map[Int, Map[Int, Bytes]]
types : Map[Int, Bytes]
tables : Map[Int, Bytes]
memories : Map[Int, Bytes]
globals : Map[Int, Bytes]
elem : Map[Int, Bytes]
data : Map[Int, Bytes]
fields : Map[Int, Map[Int, Bytes]]
tags : Map[Int, Bytes]
} derive(
Debug
)

The name custom section: what everything in the module is called.

Upstream had a single func_names : Map[Int, String] on the module, which the encoder never read -- so every name was dropped. There are twelve name spaces, not one, and wasm_output.ml emits all of them.

Maps rather than arrays, mirroring the reference's IntMap: the format wants each vector in ascending index order, and making that the encoder's job rather than the caller's is one fewer way to differ by a byte.

#
Names::empty

fn Names::empty() -> Names

No names at all, which is also what makes the section disappear.

#
OnClause

pub(all) enum OnClause {
OnLabel(Int, Int)
OnSwitch(Int)
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

One arm of a resume table: what happens when the continuation suspends with a given tag.

#
ParamOwner

pub(all) enum ParamOwner {
OwnerFunc(Int)
OwnerTag(Int)
OwnerType(Int)
} derive(Eq, Hash,
Debug
)

Whose parameters a name list belongs to. Imported functions and tags sit in different index spaces, so the index alone does not say.

#
Priority

pub(all) struct Priority {
compilation : Int
optimization : Int?
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

#[priority]: advice about the function as a whole rather than about one instruction, which is why it lives on the code entry and is recorded at offset 0 -- the position that means "the function itself".

#
RecGroup

pub(all) struct RecGroup {
start : Int
len : Int
explicit : Bool
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

A run of defined types emitted as one rec (...).

Upstream carried this as one group id per type and then never read it: the type section wrote every type flat, so a module whose types referred to each other came out as a set of unrelated definitions.

explicit is not redundant with len == 1. A singleton rec is a different type from the same definition written bare -- recursive type identity is by group -- so the encoder cannot infer the prefix from the length, and what the source said has to be recorded.

#
Span

pub(all) struct Span {
start : Int
head : Int
end : Int
loc :
Location

} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

A function body: its locals, then its instructions. One node's run in a body: where it starts, where its OWN emission begins (everything before that is its operands), where it ends, and where the source wrote it.

#
SubType

pub(all) struct SubType {
final_ : Bool
supertypes : Array[Int]
descriptor : Int?
describes : Int?
composite : CompositeType
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

A defined type, with its supertypes and whether it may be subtyped further.

descriptor and describes are the custom-descriptors proposal's two clauses, and they come in pairs: descriptor names the type of this struct's runtime descriptor, describes names the struct this one is the descriptor OF. A type may carry either, both, or neither.

#
SubType::func

A final function type, from its parameters and results.

#
SubType::simple

fn SubType::simple(composite : CompositeType) -> SubType

A subtype that is final and inherits from nothing -- the common case.

#
Table

pub(all) struct Table {
type_ : TableType
init : Array[Instruction]?
init_spans : Array[Span]
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

A defined table, with the initialiser every element starts at.

#
TableType

A table's type. The element type is a REFERENCE type, not a value type: nothing else can go in a table.

#
TagType

pub(all) struct TagType {
type_idx : Int
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

An exception tag: an index into the type section, naming a function type whose parameters are the exception's payload and whose results are empty.

#
TextView

pub(all) struct TextView {
field_order : Array[FieldRef]
field_locs : Array[
Location
]
decl_param_names : Map[ParamOwner, Map[Int, Bytes]]
decl_typeuse : Map[ParamOwner, TypeUse]
standalone_exports : Map[Int, Bool]
named_types : Map[Int, Bool]
conditionals : Array[CondGroup]
} derive(
Debug
)

The source facts the text form needs and the binary has no room for.

Recorded as the lowering goes rather than recovered afterwards: there is nothing in the sections to recover them from, and a second derivation could disagree with the first with nothing to say which output is wrong.

#
TextView::empty

fn TextView::empty() -> TextView

An empty view, for a module nothing recorded one for.

#
TypeUse

pub(all) struct TypeUse {
named : Bool
spelled : Bool
} derive(Eq,
Debug
)

Which of the two clauses a declaration wrote for its type. Both are optional and they are independent: fn f: ft(i32) wrote both.

#
encode

fn encode(mod : Module) -> Bytes raise EncodeError

Encode a module.

Section order is the reference's, which is the format's and not the order of the section ids: tags (13) go between memories (5) and globals (6), the data count (12) before the code (10), and the custom sections last -- except the metadata.code.* ones, which the branch-hinting proposal requires between the function and code sections, and which are not emitted yet.