#File System API (@moonbitlang/async/fs)

#Table of Contents

• File Operations
  • Opening and Creating Files
  • Reading Files
  • Writing Files
  • File Seeking
• Directory Operations
  • Creating Directories
  • Reading Directories
  • Walking Directory Trees
  • Removing Directories
• File Watching
• File Metadata
  • File Kind
  • Timestamps
  • File Permissions
• Path Operations
• Types Reference

#File Operations

#Opening and Creating Files

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "open file for reading" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_open_read.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"Hello, MoonBit!", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  defer file.close()
  let content = file.read_all().text()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content, content="Hello, MoonBit!")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "open file for writing" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_open_write.txt"
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=WriteOnly, create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  defer file.close()
  file.write(b"Hello, World!")
  @fs.remove(test_file)
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "open with append mode" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_append.txt"
  // Create initial file
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"First line\n", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)

  // Append to existing file
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=WriteOnly, append=true)
  file.write(b"Second line\n")
  file.close()
  let content = @fs.read_file(test_file).text()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content, content="First line\nSecond line\n")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "create new file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_create.txt"
  let file = @fs.create(test_file)
  file.write(b"New file content")
  file.close()
  let exists = @fs.exists(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(exists, content="true")
}

#Reading Files

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "read_file - read entire file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_read_file.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"Hello, MoonBit!", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let content = @fs.read_file(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content.text(), content="Hello, MoonBit!")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "read in chunks using File" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_chunk_read.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"0123456789", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  defer file.close()
  let buf = FixedArray::make(5, b'0')
  let n = file.read(buf)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(n, content="5")
  inspect(@utf8.decode(buf.unsafe_reinterpret_as_bytes()), content="01234")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "read_all from file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_read_all.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"Complete content", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  let data = file.read_all()
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(data.text(), content="Complete content")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "read_exactly specific bytes" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_read_exact.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"1234567890", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  let bytes = file.read_exactly(5)
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(@utf8.decode(bytes), content="12345")
}

#Writing Files

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "write_file - write entire file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_write.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"File content", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let content = @fs.read_file(test_file).text()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content, content="File content")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "write with sync modes" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_sync.txt"
  // Write with data sync
  @fs.write_file(
    test_file,
    b"Synced data",
    sync=Data,
    create_mode=CreateOrTruncate,
  )
  let content = @fs.read_file(test_file).text()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content, content="Synced data")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "write using File methods" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_file_write.txt"
  let file = @fs.create(test_file)
  file.write(b"Line 1\n")
  file.write(b"Line 2\n")
  file.close()
  let content = @fs.read_file(test_file).text()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(content, content="Line 1\nLine 2\n")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "write_once for single write operation" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_write_once.txt"
  let file = @fs.create(test_file)
  let data : Bytes = b"Single write"
  let written = file.write_once(data, offset=0, len=data.length())
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(written, content="12")
}

#Random access on files

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "read at specific position" {
  let test_file = "_build/read_at_test.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"0123456789", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  {
    let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
    defer file.close()

    // read 3 bytes at position 5
    json_inspect(file.read_exactly_at(3, position=5), content="567")

    // use `read_at` to handle EOF robustly
    let buf = FixedArray::make(10, b'\x00')
    let n = file.read_at(buf, position=5)
    inspect(n, content="5")
    json_inspect(buf.unsafe_reinterpret_as_bytes()[:n], content="56789")
  }
  @fs.remove(test_file)
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "write at specific position" {
  let test_file = "_build/write_at_test.txt"
  {
    let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=WriteOnly, create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
    defer file.close()
    file.write("abcdef")
    file.write_at(b"CD", position=2)
  }

  // read 3 bytes at position 5
  inspect(@fs.read_file(test_file).text(), content="abCDef")
  @fs.remove(test_file)
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "size - get file size" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_size.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"Hello", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  let size = file.size()
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(size, content="5")
}

• only seekable files (i.e. regular files or block devices) support read_at and write_at. Calling read_at and write_at on unsupported file types result in error
• read_at and write_at does not modify the cursor for reading/writing the file as a stream
• read_at always read as much as possible. When its return value is smaller than requested length, it always indicates EOF
• write_at is forbidden on files opened with append=true; use sequential writes to append data

#Directory Operations

#Creating Directories

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "mkdir - create directory" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_mkdir"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o755)
  let exists = @fs.exists(dir_path)
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path)
  inspect(exists, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "mkdir - create with custom permissions" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_mkdir_perm"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o700)
  let kind = @fs.kind(dir_path)
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path)
  debug_inspect(kind, content="Directory")
}

#Reading Directories

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "readdir - read directory entries" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_readdir"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o755)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/test1.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/test2.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let entries = @fs.readdir(
    dir_path,
    include_hidden=false,
    include_special=false,
  )
  // avoid platform inconsistent ordering
  entries.sort()
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path, recursive=true)
  json_inspect(entries, content=["test1.txt", "test2.txt"])
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "readdir with sorting" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_readdir_sort"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o755)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/c.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/a.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/b.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let entries = @fs.readdir(dir_path, sort=true)
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path, recursive=true)
  json_inspect(entries, content=["a.txt", "b.txt", "c.txt"])
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "opendir and Directory::read_all" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_opendir"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o755)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/file1.txt", b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file("\{dir_path}/file2.txt", b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let dir = @fs.opendir(dir_path)
  let entries = dir
    .read_all(include_hidden=false, include_special=false)
    ..sort()
  dir.close()
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path, recursive=true)
  json_inspect(entries, content=["file1.txt", "file2.txt"])
}

#Walking Directory Trees

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "walk directory tree" {
  let base = "_build/test_walk"
  @fs.mkdir(base)
  @fs.mkdir("\{base}/sub1")
  @fs.mkdir("\{base}/sub2")
  @fs.write_file("\{base}/file.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file("\{base}/sub1/file1.txt", b"", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let visited : Ref[Int] = Ref(0)
  @fs.walk(base, fn(_path, _files) { visited.val = visited.val + 1 })
  @fs.remove("\{base}/file.txt")
  @fs.remove("\{base}/sub1/file1.txt")
  @fs.rmdir("\{base}/sub1")
  @fs.rmdir("\{base}/sub2")
  @fs.rmdir(base)
  inspect(visited.val >= 3, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "walk with max_concurrency" {
  let base = "_build/test_walk_concurrency"
  @fs.mkdir(base, permission=0o755)
  @fs.mkdir("\{base}/dir1", permission=0o755)
  @fs.mkdir("\{base}/dir2", permission=0o755)
  let count : Ref[Int] = Ref(0)
  @fs.walk(
    base,
    fn(_path, _files) { count.val = count.val + 1 },
    max_concurrency=1,
  )
  @fs.rmdir("\{base}/dir1")
  @fs.rmdir("\{base}/dir2")
  @fs.rmdir(base)
  inspect(count.val >= 3, content="true")
}

#Removing Directories

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "rmdir - remove empty directory" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_rmdir"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path)
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path)
  let exists = @fs.exists(dir_path)
  inspect(exists, content="false")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "rmdir recursive - remove directory tree" {
  let base = "_build/test_rmdir_recursive"
  @fs.mkdir(base)
  @fs.mkdir("\{base}/subdir")
  @fs.write_file("\{base}/file.txt", b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.write_file(
    "\{base}/subdir/nested.txt",
    b"test",
    create_mode=CreateOrTruncate,
  )
  @fs.rmdir(base, recursive=true)
  let exists = @fs.exists(base)
  inspect(exists, content="false")
}

#File Metadata

#File Kind

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "kind - regular file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_kind_file.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let kind = @fs.kind(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  debug_inspect(kind, content="Regular")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "kind - directory" {
  let dir_path = "_build/test_kind_dir"
  @fs.mkdir(dir_path, permission=0o755)
  let kind = @fs.kind(dir_path)
  @fs.rmdir(dir_path)
  debug_inspect(kind, content="Directory")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "File::kind method" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_file_kind.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  let kind = file.kind()
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  debug_inspect(kind, content="Regular")
}

#Timestamps

///|
#cfg(all(target="native", not(platform="windows")))
async test "atime - access time" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_atime.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let (seconds, nanoseconds) = @fs.atime(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(seconds > 0, content="true")
  inspect(nanoseconds >= 0, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "mtime - modification time" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_mtime.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let (seconds, nanoseconds) = @fs.mtime(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(seconds > 0, content="true")
  inspect(nanoseconds >= 0, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "ctime - status change time" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_ctime.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let (seconds, nanoseconds) = @fs.ctime(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(seconds > 0, content="true")
  inspect(nanoseconds >= 0, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "File timestamp methods" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_file_times.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let file = @fs.open(test_file, mode=ReadOnly)
  let (atime_s, _) = file.atime()
  let (mtime_s, _) = file.mtime()
  let (ctime_s, _) = file.ctime()
  file.close()
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(atime_s > 0, content="true")
  inspect(mtime_s > 0, content="true")
  inspect(ctime_s > 0, content="true")
}

#File Permissions

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "exists - check file existence" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_exists.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let exists = @fs.exists(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(exists, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "exists - non-existent file" {
  let exists = @fs.exists("nonexistent_file_xyz.txt")
  inspect(exists, content="false")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "can_read - check read permission" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_can_read.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let can_read = @fs.can_read(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(can_read, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "can_write - check write permission" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_can_write.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  let can_write = @fs.can_write(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(can_write, content="true")
}

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "can_execute - check execute permission" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_can_execute.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateNew, permission=0o755)
  let can_execute = @fs.can_execute(test_file)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  inspect(can_execute, content="true")
}

#Path Operations

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "realpath - resolve absolute path" {
  let test_dir = "_build/test_realpath"
  @fs.mkdir(test_dir)
  let real_path = @fs.realpath(test_dir)
  @fs.rmdir(test_dir)
   @env.current_dir() is Some(cwd)
  assert_true(real_path.has_prefix(cwd))
  inspect(
    // replace `\\` with `/` for Windows
    real_path[cwd.length():].replace_all(old="\\", new="/"),
    content="/_build/test_realpath",
  )
}

#File Removal

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "remove - delete file" {
  let test_file = "_build/test_remove.txt"
  @fs.write_file(test_file, b"test", create_mode=CreateOrTruncate)
  @fs.remove(test_file)
  let exists = @fs.exists(test_file)
  inspect(exists, content="false")
}

#File Watching

• renaming of directories are only reported as Rename when the renaming happen within the same parent directory
• some rename sequences cannot be serialized as binary Rename, such as swapping two files

• File system notifications are often delivered in bursts, so the watcher debounces changes by default. The debounce behavior can be configured by the debounce_timeout and max_debounce_delay options on watcher creation. The watcher will wait until no event happens for debounce_timeout milliseconds before reporting any events, but the total wait time will never exceed max_debounce_delay milliseconds.
• ignored_paths, if present, can be used to filter out paths that the user don't want to watch. When a file or directory is going to be watched, its path (relative to root of watched tree, using / as path separator, always without trailing /) will be supplied to ignored_paths. If ignored_paths return true, the file or directory will be ignored. When a directory is ignored, all files/directories within it are also ignored. So to ignore a single directory, ignored_paths only need to handle paths of the files inside that ignored directory.
• When a create/remove event is reported for a directory:
  • if report_child_event=true, respective create/remove events will be emitted for everything inside that directory. This mode is useful if tracking the exact list of files in desirable.
  • If report_child_event=false (the default), only a single event for the directory itself will be emitted, making the watcher less noisy
• If report_event_on_init=true (false by default), the first wait call will return immediately after watcher creation, reporting events describing the initial structure of the watched directory. This is useful for keeping the knowledge of the caller in sync with the watcher. Note that you probably want to set report_child_event=true as well in this case.

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async fn watch_project_sources() -> Unit {
  let watcher = @fs.Watcher("src", ignored_paths=path => {
    path.has_prefix("_build/")
  })
  defer watcher.close()
  while watcher.wait() is events {
    debug(events)
  }
}

#Types Reference

#FileKind

• Regular - Regular file
• Directory - Directory
• SymLink - Symbolic link
• Socket - Unix socket
• Pipe - Named pipe (FIFO)
• BlockDevice - Block device
• CharDevice - Character device
• Unknown - Unknown file type

#Mode

• ReadOnly - Open for reading only
• WriteOnly - Open for writing only
• ReadWrite - Open for both reading and writing

#SyncMode

• NoSync - No synchronization (default)
• Data - Sync data and essential metadata (like file size)
• Full - Sync all data and metadata

#SeekMode

• FromStart - Absolute offset from start of file
• FromEnd - Offset relative to end of file
• Relative - Offset relative to current position

#File

• fd() - Get file descriptor
• close() - Close file
• read() - Read data into buffer
• read_all() - Read entire file content
• read_exactly() - Read exact number of bytes
• write() - Write data
• write_once() - Single write operation
• read_at() - Read file at specified position
• read_exact_at() - Read exect number of bytes at specified position
• write_at() - Write file at specified position
• size() - Get file size
• kind() - Get file kind
• atime(), mtime(), ctime() - Get timestamps

#Directory

• close() - Close directory
• read_all() - Read all entries

#FsEvent

• Modify(path) reports that the regular file at path has been modified.
• Create(path) reports that a file or directory now exists at path.
• Remove(path) reports that the file or directory at path has been removed.
• Rename(old~, new~) reports that a file or directory moved from old to new.

#Best Practices

1. Always close files: Use defer file.close() after opening files
2. Use appropriate sync modes: NoSync for performance, Data or Full for durability
3. Handle permissions: Specify appropriate UNIX permissions (e.g., 0o644 for files, 0o755 for directories)
4. Check existence: Use exists() before performing operations on files
5. Use convenience functions: read_file() and write_file() are simpler for common cases
6. Walk with limits: Use max_concurrency parameter when walking large directory trees

#Error Handling

///|
#cfg(target="native")
async test "error handling example" {
  @test_util.assert_raise_async(() => @fs.read_file("nonexistent.txt"))
}